The butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea) of the Parque Estadual Intervales and surroundings, São Paulo, Brazil / As borboletas (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea) do Parque Estadual Intervales e arredores, São Paulo, Brasil

Abstract The Global South has witnessed increasing sampling of its immense biological diversity during the past century. However, the diversity of many regions remains unknown, even at pristine and highly threatened places, such as in the Atlantic Forest; and for bioindicator, umbrella, and flagship groups. The present study reports the first butterfly list of the Parque Estadual Intervales, São Paulo, Brazil and surroundings, a key protected area in the last massive continuous of the Atlantic Forest. We compiled data from museums and four years of field work, under three sampling methods. We also aimed at providing resources to support conservation efforts by analyzing 27 years of climatic data (detailed in the Supplementary Material, in English and in Portuguese), discussing our results also for non-academics, and producing scientific outreach and educational material. A companion article dealt with the experiences of science outreach and capacity development, and illustrated the butterfly catalogue of the species sampled in the park. We found 312 species that sum to 2,139 records. The museum had 229 species (432 records), and we sampled 142 species (1,682 individuals), in a total effort of 36,679 sampling hours (36,432 trap and 247 net and observation hours). The richest families were Nymphalidae (148 species) and Hesperiidae (100 species). Most species were sampled exclusively by active methods (79.8%), but other sources (passive sampling, citizen science, etc.) also found unique records. We found the highest diversity metrics from January to May, and we demonstrated that winter months had less richness and abundance. We illustrated the 20 species common to all regions, and listed those that were found more than seven months in the year, as well as the most abundant species in trap sampling, with forest dwellers as well as species common to open and fragmented areas. The dominant species in our trap datasets was the iridescent white morpho, Morpho epistrophus (Fabricius, 1796), and we suggest it to become the park butterfly mascot.

Resumo O Sul Global testemunhou crescente amostragem de sua imensa diversidade biológica durante o século passado. Entretanto, a diversidade de muitas regiões permanece desconhecida, mesmo em locais pristinos e altamente ameaçados, como na Mata Atlântica; e para grupos bioindicadores, guarda-chuva e emblemáticos. O presente estudo reporta a primeira lista de borboletas do Parque Estadual Intervales, São Paulo, Brasil e arredores, uma unidade de conservação chave no último maciço contínuo de Mata Atlântica. Compilamos dados de museus e quatro anos de campo, sob três métodos de amostragem. Também visamos oferecer recursos para apoiar os esforços de conservação, analisando 27 anos de dados climáticos (detalhados no Material Suplementar, em inglês e em português), discutindo nossos resultados numa linguagem também para não acadêmicos, e produzindo material de divulgação científica e educativos. Um artigo irmão tratou das experiências de divulgação científica e capacitação, e ilustrou o catálogo de borboletas das espécies amostradas no parque. Encontramos 312 espécies em 2.139 registros. O museu tinha 229 espécies (432 registros), e amostramos 142 espécies (1.682 indivíduos), em um esforço total de 36.679 horas de amostragem (36.432 armadilhas e 247 horas de rede e observação). As famílias mais ricas foram Nymphalidae (148 espécies) e Hesperiidae (100 espécies). A maioria das espécies foi amostrada exclusivamente por métodos ativos (79,8%), mas outras fontes (passiva, ciência cidadã, etc.) também encontraram registros únicos. Encontramos as maiores métricas de diversidade de janeiro a maio, e demonstramos que os meses de inverno tiveram menos riqueza e abundância. Ilustramos as 20 espécies comuns a todas as regiões, e listamos aquelas que foram encontradas em mais de sete meses no ano, bem como as espécies mais abundantes em armadilhas, com espécies florestais e também comuns em áreas abertas e fragmentadas. A espécie dominante em nossas armadilhas foi a morfo branca iridescente, Morpho epistrophus (Fabricius, 1796), e sugerimos que se torne a borboleta mascote do parque.

Lisdexamfetamine to improve excessive daytime sleepiness and weight management in narcolepsy: a case series

Objective: To report the successful use of lisdexamfetamine in the management of narcolepsy. Methods: Five narcoleptic patients received lisdexamfetamine, at different dosages and for different periods, for management of excessive daytime sleepiness and weight control. Results: All patients experienced improvement of excessive daytime sleepiness and lost weight without side effects. Conclusion: Lisdexamfetamine appears promising for the treatment of two of the most common symptoms of narcolepsy: excessive daytime sleepiness and weight gain.

Notes on the geographic distribution and subspecific taxonomy of Sais rosalia (Cramer) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Ithomiini), including the first records in Paraguay

Notes on the geographic distribution and subspecific taxonomy of Sais rosalia (Cramer) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Ithomiini), including the first records in Paraguay. This paper provides comments on the subspecific taxonomy and geographic distribution of Sais rosalia (Cramer, 1779) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Ithomiini), as well as an up-to-date distributional map, complemented with unpublished distributional data based on specimens deposited in the Coleção Entomológica Pe. Jesus S. Moure, Curitiba, Brazil and the Museo de Historia Natural, Lima, Peru. The following synonyms are proposed: Sais rosalia camariensis Haensch, 1905 syn. rev. as junior subjective synonym of Papilio rosalia Cramer, 1779 and Sais rosalia brasiliensis Talbot, 1928 syn. rev. as junior subjective synonym of Sais rosalia rosalinde Weymer, 1890. Additionally, the first country records of Sais rosalia in Paraguay, including the southernmost record of the species, are documented.

Alternative techniques to study characters of the genitalia in Lepidoptera

The present note aims to describe two alternative methods for observing genitalia in Lepidoptera. The first one provides means to examine both male and female genitalia without spoiling the scales of the abdomen, preserving it attached to the thorax and aesthetically similar to an unexamined specimen. The second one provides ways of observing certain characters on the male genitalia in a non-destructive way, and does not depend on time-consuming removing and dissection of the abdomen. It is expected that the presented techniques will help on morphological studies and on identifying similar species which consistently differ in genitalic armatures.

Aspectos biológicos e morfologia externa dos imaturos de Memphismoruus stheno (Prittwitz) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) / Biological aspects and external morphology of immature stages of Memphis moruus stheno (Prittwittz) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Immature stages of Memphis moruus stheno (Prittwittz) were subject of a behavior, biological and morphological study. The morphological study was carried out through observation by stereoscopic microscopy with camera lucida and micrometric lens attached for illustrations and measurements, respectively; and scanning electron microscopy for ultrastructural analysis. Behavioral data were obtained through direct observation in the field and laboratory. Eggs were laid on the underside of leaves of two Lauraceae species. The first to third instars build frass chains, the fourth and the fifth instars build a conical shelter using a single leaf of the host plant. Before pupation, larvae bend its body ventrally and the pupae are incapable of movement. Descriptions, illustrations and photographs of egg, all five instars and pupa are given. The cephalic morphology and chaetotaxy of first instar were described and illustrated. Results are compared with other Charaxinae immature stages.

Morfologia do exoesqueleto de adultos de Memphis moruus stheno (Pritwittz) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Charaxinae) / Exoskeleton morphology of the adult of Memphis moruus stheno (Pritwittz) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Charaxinae)

O presente trabalho visa fornecer subsídios para estudos morfológicos comparativos de Charaxinae neotropicais. Memphis moruus stheno (Prittwitz, 1865) é a segunda espécie neotropical de Anaeini e a primeira do gênero Memphis a ter sua morfologia detalhada. A morfologia externa é apresentada com descrições, ilustrações e imagens de microscopia eletrônica de varredura de estruturas da cabeça e apêndices cefálicos, região cervical, tórax e apêndices torácicos, abdome e genitálias masculina e feminina. A morfologia de M. moruus stheno é comparada com uma espécie do gênero proximamente relacionado Zaretis Hübner, [1819].

This study is intended to allow further comparative morphological studies on the Neotropical Charaxinae. Memphis moruus stheno (Prittwitz, 1865) is the second species of Anaeini and the first in the genus Memphis to have its morphology published in detail. The external morphology is presented with descriptions, line drawings and scan electron microscopy of the head and its appendages, cervix, thorax and its appendages, abdomen and both male and female genital armatures. Memphis moruus stheno is compared with a species of its closely related genus Zaretis Hübner, [1819].

Comparison of some clinical and histological features of colorectal carcinoma occurring in patients below and above 40 years.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinicopathological features of colorectal malignancies in Sri Lankan patients aged 40 years or younger, and to compare them with those of older patients. METHODS: The clinicopathological features of 60 colorectal malignancies which occurred in patients aged 40 years or younger were compared with 245 malignant colorectal tumours in older patients. These tumours had been diagnosed at a University Department of Pathology over 15 years. RESULTS: 19.7% of colorectal malignancies occurred in patients aged 40 years or younger. (Male:Female ratio = 1.6:1). The mean duration from onset of symptoms to diagnosis was 4.2 months. There was no statistically significant difference between young and old patients in the presenting symptoms, site of tumour and Dukes' staging of colorectal malignancies. A statistically significant proportion of tumours in young patients was mucoid (13.3%) or signet ring cell (5%) type. 3.3% of young patients with colorectal carcinoma gave a family history of similar malignancy. A history of predisposing conditions (ulcerative colitis) was present in 3.3% of young patients. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical presentation of colorectal malignancies in Sri Lankan patients below 40 years of age does not differ from that in older patients. Mucoid and signet ring cell carcinomas are commoner in the young.

Female karyotype (XX) in patients with ambiguous genitalia does not guarantee the absence of intra-abdominal testes.

We report three patients with ambiguous genitalia and 46 XX karyotype who had intra-abdominal testes. The mechanism for the development of testes in such patients, the risk of malignancy and value of histological assessment of intra-abdominal testes are discussed.

Breast cancer: do histopathology reports provide adequate information for patient care?

INTRODUCTION: Many studies have shown that certain pathologic features correlate with risk of recurrence, development of nodal and distant metastases, long term survival and multicentricity of breast carcinoma. Such information is useful in selection of appropriate therapy and prognostication. OBJECTIVE: To determine the proportion of histopathology reports of breast carcinoma that provide essential pathologic prognostic information. METHOD: All (110 mastectomy and 25 lumpectomy) cases of breast carcinoma reported during 79-month period from January 1992 were assessed for inclusion of tumour size, information on excision margins and 8 microscopic features. Mastectomy reports were evaluated for information on axillary lymph node status. RESULTS: 9.6% of reports assessed included all relevant features. All 110 mastectomy reports gave information on axillary lymph node status. Tumour size was included in 91.1% of reports. Excision margins were commented on in 36% of lumpectomy reports. Of the microscopic features assessed, tumour type was included in 98.5% and histologic grade in 66.7%. In formation on other features ranged from 28.1% for inflammatory infiltrate at the tumour-host interface to 69.1% for nipple invasion. CONCLUSION: Reporting on basic prognostic information falls short of the ideal. Provision of guidelines will help to ensure the inclusion of relevant histopathologic prognostic information.

Prevalence of prostatic intraepithelial (PIN) in surgical resections.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) in surgical specimens and assess its relationship to adenocarcinoma. METHOD: 205 surgical specimens (191) transurethral resections, 6 open prostatectomies, 8 needle biopsies) reported at the University Department of Pathology, Colombo over 64 months were reviewed. RESULTS: There were 170 benign hyperplasias and 35 adenocarcinomas. PIN I was present in 22.92% PIN II in 5.36% and PIN III in 7.32% of the specimens. 8.51%, 27.27% and 93.3% PIN I, PIN II and III were associated with invasive adenocarcinoma. Nine cases (4.39%) had high grade PIN (PIN II & III) in the absence of adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSION: PIN II & III were strongly associated with coexistent carcinoma but PIN I was not. The finding of high grade PIN in surgical biopsies with no obvious adenocarcinoma warrants examination of all available tissue and deep sections.

Vaginal bleeding in infants caused by endodermal sinus tumours.

We report two cases of vaginal bleeding in infants caused by endodermal sinus tumours of the vagina. The clinical features, diagnostic laboratory investigations and prognosis of this rare paediatric malignancy are discussed.